Background Back pain and intervertbral disc (IVD) damage are common problems experienced ... flight and post-flight studies of the lumbar spine, evaluate: 1) degenerative changes using MRI, 2) ...

Gaenslen completed by imaging evaluation (MRI, plain radiographs, bone scan, CT scan). Most common causes of low back pain to athletes are: fractures, acute disc herniations, muscular contusions and ...

Imaging techniques play a pivotal role in diagnosing and managing degenerative disorders such as those affecting ... Initially, computed tomography and, later, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were ...